Racial differences in postpandemic trends in prostate-specific antigen screening.

Our study investigates the trends in prostate cancer screening amid the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly focusing on racial disparities between Black and White men. Utilizing data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 2018, 2020, and 2022, we analyzed prostate-specific antigen screening rates in men aged 45-75 years. Our findings reveal initial declines in screening rates for both groups during the pandemic, with subsequent recovery; however, the pace of rebound differed statistically significantly between races. Whereas White men showed a notable increase in screening rates postpandemic, Black men's rates recovered more slowly. This disparity underscores the impact of socioeconomic factors, health-care access, and possibly systemic biases affecting health-care delivery. Our study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address these inequalities and ensure equitable access to prostate cancer preventive care in the aftermath of COVID-19.

Smoking characteristics and years since quitting smoking of US adults diagnosed with lung and bladder cancer: A national health and nutrition examination survey analysis.

PURPOSE: Smoking is a recognized risk factor for bladder BC and lung cancer LC. We investigated the enduring risk of BC after smoking cessation using U.S. national survey data. Our analysis focused on comparing characteristics of LC and BC patients, emphasizing smoking status and the latency period from smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis in former smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Health and Examination Survey (2003-2016), identifying adults with LC or BC history. Smoking status (never, active, former) and the interval between quitting smoking and cancer diagnosis for former smokers were assessed. We reported descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and median with interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables. RESULTS: Among LC patients, 8.9% never smoked, 18.9% active smokers, and 72.2% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 8 years (IQR 2-12) between quitting and LC diagnosis, with 88.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. For BC patients, 26.8% never smoked, 22.4% were active smokers, and 50.8% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 21 years (IQR 14-33) between quitting and BC diagnosis, with 49.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: BC patients exhibit a prolonged latency period between smoking cessation and cancer diagnosis compared to LC patients. Despite smoking status evaluation in microhematuria, current risk stratification models for urothelial cancer do not incorporate it. Our findings emphasize the significance of long-term post-smoking cessation surveillance and advocate for integrating smoking history into future risk stratification guidelines.

A Phase II Prospective Blinded Trial of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and In-Bore Biopsy in Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the added benefit of multiparametric (mp)MRI risk stratification during active surveillance. METHODS: This prospective, single-arm, nonrandomized study included 82 men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). We compared two biopsy strategies in parallel. The first biopsy strategy was an in-bore and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy in men with suspicious mpMRI findings. The second was a TRUS biopsy in all 82 men, blinded to the results of the previously performed mpMRI. RESULTS: We identified 27/82 men with suspicious mpMRI. Of those 27 men, we detected 8/27 with csPCa on biopsy, and we identified two men with in-bore biopsy exclusively, three men with TRUS biopsy exclusively, and three men with both biopsy strategies. Of the 55/82 men with nonsuspicious mpMRI (who only received TRUS biopsies), two men had csPCa. TRUS biopsy of the entire cohort of 82 men would have led to the correct diagnosis of 80% men with csPCa, requiring all 82 men to receive biopsies (csPCa in 10% of the 82 biopsies). Conducting in-bore biopsies plus TRUS biopsies in men with suspicious mpMRI would have also led to the detection of 80% of men with csPCa, requiring only 27 men to receive biopsies (csPCa in 30% of the 27 biopsies). CONCLUSION: The combination of TRUS and in-bore biopsies, limited to men with suspicious mpMRI, resulted in a similar detection rate of csPCa compared to TRUS biopsies of all men but required only one-third of men to undergo biopsy. Our results indicate that in-bore and TRUS biopsies continue to complement each other.

Exploring preventive care practices among unvaccinated individuals in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Building on a Canadian study associating unvaccinated individuals to increased car accidents, we examined the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status and US preventive care practices. METHODS: We queried the 2021 National Health Interview Survey. First, we fitted a model to identify respondent-level factors associated with receipt of at least one COVID-19 vaccination. Second, we fitted a survey-weighted logistic regression model adjusted for respondent-level characteristics to examine whether the receipt of at least one COVID-19 vaccination predicted the receipt of preventive care services. Preventive care services assessed included serum cholesterol, glucose, and blood pressure measurements, as well as guideline-concordant cancer screening including breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening. RESULTS: Factors predicting receipt of COVID-19 vaccination were age (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 1.03; 95 % confidence interval (CI) [1.03-1.03]), Hispanic (aOR 1.25; 95 % CI [1.08-1.44]), and non-Hispanic Asian (aOR 3.52; 95 % CI [2.74-4.52]) ethnicity/race, and history of cancer (aOR 1.61; 95 % CI [1.13-2.30]). Unvaccinated respondents were less likely to have received serum cholesterol (aOR 0.69; 95 % CI [0.50-0.70), serum glucose (aOR 0.65; 95 % CI [0.56-0.75]), or blood pressure measurements (aOR 0.47; 95 % CI [0.33-0.66]); and were less likely to have received breast cancer (aOR 0.35; 95 % CI [0.25-0.48]), colorectal cancer (aOR 0.52; 95 % CI [0.46-0.60]) and prostate cancer screening (aOR 0.61; 95 % CI [0.48-0.76]). There was no significant association between unvaccinated respondents receiving cervical cancer screening (aOR 0.96; 95 % CI [0.81-1.13]; p = 0.616). CONCLUSION: Non-receipt of COVID-19 vaccination was associated with non-receipt of preventive care services including cancer screening. Further studies are needed to assess if this association is due to system-level factors or reflects a general distrust of medical preventive care amongst this population.

The effect of limited english proficiency on prostate-specific antigen screening in American men.

PURPOSE: To evaluate how limited English proficiency (LEP) impacts the prevalence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in a contemporary, nationally representative cohort of men in the USA. METHODS: The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was utilized to identify the prevalence of PSA screening between 2013 and 2016 among men ≥ 55. Men who speak a language other than English at home were stratified by self-reported levels of English proficiency (men who speak English very well, well, not well, or not at all). Survey weights were applied, and groups were compared using the adjusted Wald test. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of PSA screening adjusting for patient-level covariates. RESULTS: The cohort included 2,889 men, corresponding to a weighted estimate of 4,765,682 men. 79.6% of men who speak English very well reported receiving at least one lifetime PSA test versus 58.4% of men who do not speak English at all (p < 0.001). Men who reported not speaking English at all had significantly lower prevalence of PSA screening (aOR 0.56; 95% CI 0.35-0.91; p = 0.019). Other significant predictors of PSA screening included older age, income > 400% of the federal poverty level, insurance coverage, and healthcare utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Limited English proficiency is associated with significantly lower prevalence of PSA screening among men in the USA. Interventions to mitigate disparities in prostate cancer outcomes should account for limited English proficiency among the barriers to guideline-concordant care.

Long-Term Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Prostate Cancer Screening.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men. The updated PSA testing 2018 United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines recommend shared decision-making for men ages 55 to 69. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid coverage to childless adults earning < 138% of the federal poverty level. Thereafter, individual states have chosen to adopt or defer Medicaid expansion at different times. This allows for the opportunity to study the effects of expansion on a population that did not previously qualify for Medicaid. We examine the long-term association of Medicaid expansion on prostate cancer screening. METHODS: Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were extracted for childless men earning less than 138% of the federal poverty level in states with different Medicaid expansion statuses from 2012 to 2020. States were classified into 4 expansion categories: very early expansion states, early expansion states, late expansion states, and nonexpansion states. Prevalence of PSA screening was determined for each category of expansion. Difference-in-difference analyses were used to understand variations in very early expansion states, early expansion states, and late expansion states trends with reference to nonexpansion states. RESULTS: PSA screening prevalence decreased in very early expansion states (27.76% vs 18.50%), early expansion states (33.79% vs 18.09%), late expansion states (36.08% vs 19.14%), and nonexpansion states (38.82% vs 24.40%) from 2012 to 2020. However, the difference-in-difference analyses did not show statistically significant results among any of the years and expansion category groups in our study period. CONCLUSIONS: PSA screening prevalence decreased in all states, regardless of expansion category. No long-term effect of Medicaid expansion on PSA screening prevalence was observed among states with different expansion statuses.

Racial differences in knowledge, attitudes, and sources of information about germline cancer genetic testing in the U.S.A.: An analysis of the health information National Trends Survey System.

PURPOSE: To understand racial disparities in germline cancer genetic testing and the role of prior knowledge, attitudes, and sources of information. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (HINTS 5) was conducted between February 24th and June 15th, 2020. The study aimed to investigate knowledge and receipt of genetic testing, attitudes toward the importance of genetic testing in preventing, detecting, and treating cancer, and information sources of genetic testing in the United States of America. RESULTS: Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic race/ethnicity were associated with lower odds of being informed about genetic testing, whereas those of NHB race were more likely to endorse the importance of genetic testing in cancer prevention and treatment. Regarding sources of information about genetic testing: Non-Hispanic Asians were less likely to be informed about genetic testing from television (Mean Predicted Probability (MPP) 0.38 95%CI; 0.21-0.55, (Adjusted Risk Difference) ARD vs. Non-Hispanic White (NHW); -0.228, p = 0.01), NHB were less likely to report being informed about genetic testing from social media (MPP 0.27 95%CI; 0.20-0.34, ARD vs. NHW; -0.139, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: NHB and Hispanic groups face unequal access to information about genetic testing. There are significant race-based differences in information sources. These differences could be used to promote equitable access to cancer genetic testing.

Changes in Prostate-specific Antigen Screening after the 2018 United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations and Through the COVID-19 Pandemic.

We analyzed trends in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer, with a focus on the impact of the 2018 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations and the COVID-19 outbreak. Using National Health Interview Survey data, we performed difference-in-difference (DID) analyses to examine the PSA screening trend for men aged 55-69 yr, the target population in the 2018 USPSTF update, with men aged >69 yr included as the reference and adjustment for sociodemographic factors. We found that PSA screening increased for men aged 55-69 yr (+4.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-7.5%) or >69 yr (+6.5%, 95% CI 2.7-10.4%) in 2019 (after the 2018 recommendations) in comparison to 2015. There was a decrease in PSA screening for men aged 55-69 yr in 2021 in comparison to 2019 (after the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020) of -3.1% (95%CI -0.4% to -5.8%). Adjusted DID analysis revealed no significant variations in the rate of change in PSA screening between the two age groups following both events. Despite its observational nature, our design mitigates major challenges in inferring causal relationships. Our results suggest a causal relationship between the 2018 screening guidelines and an increase in screening rates for men aged 55-69 yr. Conversely, they also indicate that preventive care disruptions related to COVID-19 may have induced deceleration or potentially reversal of these advances. PATIENT SUMMARY: We used data from a large national survey to study the rate of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer in the USA in response to the 2018 United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendations and to the COVID-19 pandemic. We found an increase in PSA screening in 2019 among men aged 55-69 yr, the target population in the 2018 recommendations, as well as men aged >69 yr. However, this increase was reduced after the COVID-19 outbreak. It remains to be seen how PSA screening continues to change as the world recovers from COVID-19.

Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer Screening: The Role of Shared Decision Making.

INTRODUCTION: The 2018 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations endorsed shared decision making for men aged 55-69 years, encouraging consideration of patient race/ethnicity for prostate-specific antigen screening. This study aimed to assess whether a proxy shared decision-making variable modified the impact of race/ethnicity on the likelihood of prostate-specific antigen screening. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of men aged between 55 and 69 years, who responded to the prostate-specific antigen screening portions of the 2020 U.S.-based Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, was performed between September and December 2022. Complex sample multivariable logistic regression models with an interaction term combining race and estimated shared decision making were used to test whether shared decision making modified the impact of race/ethnicity on screening. RESULTS: Of a weighted sample of 26.8 million men eligible for prostate-specific antigen screening, 25.7% (6.9 million) reported for prostate-specific antigen screening. In adjusted analysis, estimated shared decision making was a significant predictor of prostate-specific antigen screening (AOR=2.65, 95% CI=2.36, 2.98, p<0.001). The interaction between race/ethnicity and estimated shared decision making on the receipt of prostate-specific antigen screening was significant (pint=0.001). Among those who did not report estimated shared decision making, both non-Hispanic Black (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.61, 0.97, p=0.026) and Hispanic (OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.39, 0.68, p<0.001) men were significantly less likely to undergo prostate-specific antigen screening than non-Hispanic White men. On the contrary, among respondents who reported estimated shared decision making, no race-based differences in prostate-specific antigen screening were found. CONCLUSIONS: Although much disparities research focuses on race-based differences in prostate-specific antigen screening, research on strategies to mitigate these disparities is needed. Shared decision making might attenuate the impact of race/ethnic disparities on the likelihood of prostate-specific antigen screening.

Climate change perception and its association with cancer screening intent.

As the climate crisis deepens, its adverse effects on human health are becoming evident, including impacts on cancer pathogenesis and treatment. This study explored the link between individuals' awareness of the health impacts of climate change and interest in cancer screening. Using the 2021 Health Information National Trends Survey, our study demonstrated a statistically significant association between recognition of climate change as a personal health threat and interest in cancer screening. Although the study's retrospective nature and self-reported data pose some limitations, these findings signal a promising avenue for future research on the intersection of climate and cancer risk. This research supports the development of public health interventions that incorporate components of environmental health literacy alongside cancer screening efforts.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on ambulatory urologic oncology surgeries.

INTRODUCTION: Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) and transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) are two common surgeries for prostate and bladder cancer. We aim to assess the trends in the site of care for RALP and TURBT before and after the COVID outbreak. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified adults who underwent RALP and TURBT within the California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database and the State Ambulatory Surgery Database between 2018 and 2020. Multivariable analysis and spline analysis with a knot at COVID outbreak were performed to investigate the time trend and factors associated with ambulatory RALP and TURBT. RESULTS: Among 17,386 RALPs, 6,774 (39.0%) were ambulatory. Among 25,070 TURBTs, 21,573 (86.0%) were ambulatory. Pre-COVID, 33.5% of RALP and 85.3% and TURBT were ambulatory, which increased to 53.8% and 88.0% post-COVID (both p < 0.001). In multivariable model, RALP and TURBT performed after outbreak in March 2020 were more likely ambulatory (OR 2.31, p < 0.0001; OR 1.25, p < 0.0001). There was an overall increasing trend in use of ambulatory RALP both pre- and post-COVID, with no significant change of trend at the time of outbreak (p = 0.642). TURBT exhibited an increased shift towards ambulatory sites post-COVID (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a shift towards ambulatory RALP and TURBT following COVID outbreak. There was a large increase in ambulatory RALP post-COVID, but the trend of change was not significantly different pre- and post-COVID - possibly due to a pre-existing trend towards ambulatory RALP which predated the pandemic.

The Association of County-level Prostate-specific Antigen Screening with Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Mortality.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There exists ongoing debate about the benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer. This study sought to evaluate the association of county-level PSA screening rates with county-level incidence of metastatic prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality in the USA. METHODS: This ecological study used data from the 2004-2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to build a multilevel mixed-effect model with poststratification using US Census data to estimate county-level PSA screening rates for all 3143 US counties adjusted for age, race, ethnicity, and county-level poverty rates. The exposure of interest was average county-level PSA screening rate from 2004 to 2012, defined as the proportion of men aged 40-79 yr who underwent PSA screening within the prior 2 yr. The primary outcomes were county-level age-adjusted incidence of regional/distant prostate cancer during 2015-2019 and age-adjusted prostate cancer mortality during 2016-2020. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 416 221 male BRFSS respondents aged 40-79 yr met the inclusion criteria and were used in the multilevel mixed-effect model. The model was poststratified using 63.4 million men aged 40-79 yr from all 3143 counties in the 2010 Decennial Census. County-level estimated PSA screening rates exhibited geographic variability and were pooled at the state level for internal validation with direct BRFSS state-level estimates, showing a strong correlation with Pearson correlation coefficients 0.77-0.90. A 10% higher county-level probability of PSA screening in 2004-2012 was associated with a 14% lower county-level incidence of regional/distant prostate cancer in 2015-2019 (rate ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.87, p < 0.001) and 10% lower county-level prostate cancer mortality in 2016-2020 (rate ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.89-0.91, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: In this population-based ecological study of all US counties, higher PSA screening rates were associated with a lower incidence of regional/distant prostate cancer and lower prostate cancer mortality at extended follow-up. PATIENT SUMMARY: US counties with higher rates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening had significantly lower rates of metastatic prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality in subsequent years. These data may inform shared decision-making regarding PSA screening for prostate cancer.

The national utilization of nonoperative management for small renal masses over 10 years.

BACKGROUND: Management of small renal masses often involves a nonoperative approach, but there is a paucity of information about the use and associated predictors of such approaches. This study aimed to determine the trends in and predictors of use of nonoperative management of small renal masses. METHODS: Using data from the National Cancer Database for localized small renal masses (N0/M0, cT1a) diagnosed between 2010 and 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional study. Nonoperative management was defined as expectant management (active surveillance or watchful waiting) or focal ablation. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 156 734 patients included, 10.5% underwent expectant management, and 13.9% underwent focal ablation. Later year of diagnosis was associated with a higher likelihood of nonoperative management. In 2020, the odds of receiving expectant management and focal ablation were 90% (AOR = 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.71 to 2.11) and 44% (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.31 to 1.57) higher, respectively, than in 2010. Black patients had increased odds of expectant management (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.39 to 1.55) but decreased odds of focal ablation (AOR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.99). CONCLUSION: Over the decade, the use nonoperative management of small renal masses increased, with expectant management more frequently used than focal ablation among Black patients. Possible explanations include race-based differences in physicians' risk assessments and resource allocation. Adjusting for Black race in calculations for glomerular filtration rate could influence the differential uptake of these techniques through deflated glomerular filtration rate calculations. These findings highlight the need for research and policies to ensure equitable use of less invasive treatments in small renal masses.

Clinical stage and grade migration of localized prostate cancer at diagnosis during the past decade.

OBJECTIVES: Early 2010s data suggest a reverse stage and grade migration towards more aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) at diagnosis, accelerated by the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against PSA screening. Using the National Cancer Database, we investigated the impact of the 2018 USPSTF recommendation and the COVID-19 outbreak on this shift. We hypothesized that the COVID-19 outbreak would further contribute to a stage and grade migration towards more aggressive disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We identified men with localized PCa diagnosed between 2010 and 2020. We analyzed the shift in the proportion of PCa stratified according to D'Amico risk classification. We used multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association between year of diagnosis and dichotomous variables related to clinical stage and grade of PCa. Predicted probabilities with 95% CI were computed through marginal effect analyses. RESULTS: We identified 910,898 men with localized PCa. The proportion of low-risk PCa almost halved from 34.9% in 2010 to 17.7% in 2020 (P < 0.001). Compared to 2010, we found in each year increased odds of: PSA≥10 ng/dL starting from 2012 (aOR2012 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08); cT3-T4 starting from 2015 (aOR2015 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17); ISUP GG 3-5 starting from 2011 (aOR2011 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08); and consequently, D'Amico intermediate/high-risk class starting from 2011 (aOR2011 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05). Fluctuations in the probabilities of PSA≥10 ng/dL and cT3-T4 at diagnosis were observed over time (all P < 0.001). The probability of PSA≥10 ng/dL peaked at 29.0% (95% CI, 28.0%-29.0%) in 2018, while the probability of cT3-T4 peaked at 3.7% (95% CI, 3.6%-3.8%) in 2020. All other outcome variables demonstrated a consistent upward shift (all P < 0.001), with the highest probabilities in 2020 for ISUP GG 3-5 (42.3%, 95% CI, 41.9%-42.6%) and D'Amico intermediate/high-risk (81.3%, 95% CI, 81.0%-81.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms an enduring shift towards a higher proportion of aggressive PCa at diagnosis, likely influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of the 2018 USPSTF PCa screening recommendation on the proportion of aggressive PCa seems restricted and likely affected by the pandemic outbreak. Future investigations should evaluate the long-term effects of the 2018 USPSTF recommendations in the postpandemic setting.

Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations that Align Patient and Planetary Health.

Environmental factors such as air pollution and climate change have far-reaching implications for human health, and increasing evidence supports a link between planetary health and many common urological conditions. We summarize these links and outline the data for some dietary and lifestyle changes that have joint benefits for both urological and planetary health. PATIENT SUMMARY: Steps to reduce our impact on the environment can also reduce the risk of urological cancers (bladder, prostate, and kidney cancers), urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and erectile dysfunction, and may have a positive impact on sperm quality. Simple steps such as reducing meat and dairy consumption, increasing exercise levels (e.g. through active commuting), and supporting the preservation of greenspace can benefit both personal health and the environment.

Uncovering the Changing Treatment Landscape for Low-risk Prostate Cancer in the USA from 2010 to 2020: Insights from the National Cancer Data Base.

The management of prostate cancer (PCa) has evolved from a paradigm of "treat when caught early" to "treat only when necessary". Despite inconsistency in its use, active surveillance has evolved over the past two decades into the gold standard for management of low-risk PCa. Our objective was to investigate whether the use of expectant management (active surveillance, watchful waiting, no treatment) as a first-line approach for low-risk PCa has increased over the past decade. We queried the US National Cancer Data Base for men diagnosed with localized PCa between 2010 and 2020. Two multivariable logistic regression models with different two-way interaction terms (year of diagnosis × D'Amico risk classification, and year of diagnosis × International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] grade group) were fitted to predict the probability of undergoing expectant management versus active treatment. The predicted probability of expectant management increased from 13.7% in 2010 to 64.4% in 2020 for men with low-risk PCa, and from 12.9% in 2010 to 61.6% in 2020 for ISUP grade group 1 PCa (both pinteraction < 0.001). The frequency of expectant management for low-risk PCa has increased dramatically during the past decade. We expect this trend to further increase owing to the growing awareness of the harms of overtreatment of indolent disease. PATIENT SUMMARY: We examined the use of expectant management for prostate cancer between 2010 and 2020 in a large hospital-based registry from the USA. We found that the proportion of men receiving expectant management for low-risk prostate cancer is increasing. We conclude that growing awareness of the harms of overtreatment has profoundly affected trends for prostate cancer treatment in the USA.

Association of Urinary Incontinence and Depression: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between urinary incontinence and depression. An estimated 21 million adults in the United States (U.S.) reported at least one major depressive episode. Urinary incontinence has a well-described negative impact on quality of life. METHODS: We included respondents aged ≥20 who participated in the 2017 - March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles. Our dichotomous outcomes were depression and clinical depression. The predictor variable urinary incontinence was assessed using the validated incontinence severity index. We fitted an adjusted multivariable logistic regression and performed interaction analysis for urinary incontinence and our variable of interest. RESULTS: Among a weighted sample of 233.5 million people (unweighted 8256), 19.9 million (8.5%) reported depression (P < .001). The weighted population was 48.6% male, 55.2% married, and 63.4% non-Hispanic White (all P < .001). Moderate and severe urinary incontinence was associated with depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.3; 95%CI [1.5-3.3]; aOR 3.8; 95%CI [2.5-3.3]; P < .001). No association was observed between urinary incontinence and clinical depression. Interaction analysis showed that men (aOR 3.62; 95%CI [2.13-6.15]; Pint<.001) and participants at the lowest socioeconomic status (aOR 2.2; 95%CI [1.3-3.71]; Pint=.005) with moderate/severe urinary incontinence had higher odds of depression than their continent counterparts. CONCLUSION: We report that urinary incontinence is an independent predictor of depression in a nationally representative survey for men and those in the lowest socioeconomic tier. The association is most prominent among men and the socioeconomically disadvantaged population. This suggests that treatment for urinary incontinence may be important tool to reduce depression in the general population.

The Plant-based Prescription: How Dietary Change Can Improve Both Urological and Planetary Health.

In this editorial, we discuss the relationship between meat consumption and many major urological conditions (eg, prostate cancer, kidney stones, urinary tract infections) and how dietary choices could simultaneously benefit genitourinary health and the environment, which in turn will have downstream impacts on public health.